Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that
slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually even the ability to
carry out the simplest tasks. In most people with Alzheimer’s, symptoms first
appear after age 60. Estimates vary, but experts suggest that as many as 5.1
million Americans may have Alzheimer’s disease.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia among older people.
Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning—thinking, remembering, and
reasoning—and behavioral abilities, to such an extent that it interferes with a
person’s daily life and activities. Dementia ranges in severity from the
mildest stage, when it is just beginning to affect a person’s functioning, to
the most severe stage, when the person must depend completely on others for
basic activities of daily living.
Alzheimer’s disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, Dr.
Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an
unusual mental illness. Her symptoms included memory loss, language problems,
and unpredictable behavior. After she died, he examined her brain and found many
abnormal clumps (now called amyloid plaques) and tangled bundles of fibers (now
called neurofibrillary tangles). Plaques and tangles in the brain are two of
the main features of Alzheimer’s disease. The third is the loss of connections
between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain.
Although we still don’t know how the Alzheimer’s disease process begins, it
seems likely that damage to the brain starts a decade or more before problems
become evident. During the preclinical stage of Alzheimer’s disease, people are
free of symptoms but toxic changes are taking place in the brain. Abnormal
deposits of proteins form amyloid plaques and tau tangles throughout the brain,
and once-healthy neurons begin to work less efficiently. Over time, neurons
lose their ability to function and communicate with each other, and eventually
they die.
Before long, the damage spreads to a nearby structure in the brain called
the hippocampus, which is essential in forming memories. As more neurons die,
affected brain regions begin to shrink. By the final stage of Alzheimer’s,
damage is widespread, and brain tissue has shrunk significantly.